tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90139965510956482232024-03-20T23:12:30.070+08:00Rosmana A.P | Science | Scientific FactsRosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.comBlogger61125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-77883458273963889052010-08-08T10:46:00.000+08:002010-08-08T10:46:58.261+08:00EXTINCTIONExtinction, a word that refer to the death of one or more species in this world. A lot of organisms appeared in this world. Unfortunately, 95 percent of organisms that ever exsist in this world already extinct. Only 5 percent of the organisms that still exsist in this world until now.There are a lot of things that may trigger extinction. Humans careless activities, environmental damages, pollution, climate change, even disaster may trigger not only extinction, but also mass extinction.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2zMmPsOjlMQHQr9TUTnSh_lEPxa1HtUqstUW2R_ebr87VAEG0W2UgIjNrbu2E5FWdpvWKFnel5kdsE11CQhq8CDIkHVb5mjiyWE6z5kKBbuCKRNvX4GG6Ea_0GVHz9_CGC_1gsm6f0vTk/s1600/mass-extinctions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2zMmPsOjlMQHQr9TUTnSh_lEPxa1HtUqstUW2R_ebr87VAEG0W2UgIjNrbu2E5FWdpvWKFnel5kdsE11CQhq8CDIkHVb5mjiyWE6z5kKBbuCKRNvX4GG6Ea_0GVHz9_CGC_1gsm6f0vTk/s320/mass-extinctions.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Because of extinction, a lot of organisms were dissapeared from this world. More than 90 percent of the organisms that ever exsisted were already extinct. There are many organism extinction in this world. But, only five mass extinctions ever happen until now. The mass extinction in happened at the end of Ordovisium Era, The end of Devon Era, The end of Perm era, The end of Triassic Era, and The end of Creatceous Era.<br />
<br />
<br />
The first mass extinction at the end of Ordovisium Era cause more than 90 percent of sea creature and more than 70 percent terrrestial creature include insecta extinct. This extinction was said as the largest extinction ever happen on the Earth. The others mass extinction also cause almost all of the organism varieties extinct. But, the most well-known mass extinction is The Mass Extinction that happened at the end of Creataceous Era. This mass extinction caused the Dinosaur species suddenly dissapeared from the Earth around 65 million years ago. This famous mass extinction was caused by an impact on Earth surface that come from a giant meteor. This meteor hit the Earth surface near Yucatan Peninsula with a low angle, causing tsunami happened. The impact also caused dust, gravel, rocks, and a lot of Earth materials thrown away. the dust cloud covered the sky in a long period and caused sunshine unable to reach the earth surface and automatically triggered the mass extinction.<br />
<br />
Nowadays, although mass extinction isn't happened, a lot of organisms still in danger of extinction. Even, some of the dangered organisms aren't known yet.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com31tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-21491675532588657482010-05-01T16:10:00.000+08:002010-05-01T16:10:31.410+08:00BEHIND THE APHOTIC AREA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://marinebio.org/_n/i/zones.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://marinebio.org/_n/i/zones.gif" width="290" /></a></div>Beneath the sea, more than two hundred meters under the sea surface, there is a place which is unable to reach by the sunshine. This area is completely dark because no sunshine here. This place is almost not suitable for creatures. Only a few creatures may live and survive in this kind of area.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
This area is not only known as the darkest place beneath the sea. It is also known for it's extreme water pressure, high temperature due to hydrotermal vents in some place, and the most well known 'weird form' carnivorous creatures. These are only a few of things of some facts that the aphotic area has.<br />
<br />
Although there are still a lot of things that we didn't know about aphotic area, there is some benefits that was recently founded. For example, the water currents in the aphotic area which is flow around the world. This water current flows in a cycle. The water current spend around 164 years to complete this cycle.<br />
<br />
Researchs conclude that the water at this currents contains a lot of dissolved minerals. thus minerals amount is around 20 times than the sea water. The water also clean, low temperature and stable. <i>(National Geographic Indonesia, April 2010)</i><br />
<br />
There are still a lot of things that we still don't know about this area. It is because this area a little difficult to be investigated. But, these facts that already known by us had been told us that there're still a lot of natural wonders inside our Earth. It is also told us that there is a creator of this Earth and also the universe.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-16307542829912308912010-04-10T18:12:00.000+08:002010-04-10T18:12:12.308+08:00FROM NOTHINGNESS INTO EXISTENCE<blockquote>"How this universe become exist? Why it exsist and how it become look like it's condition now?"</blockquote><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.ichthus.info/BigBang/PICS/Big-Bang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="http://www.ichthus.info/BigBang/PICS/Big-Bang.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Our universe exsist since around 5 million years ago. It is believe that our universe formed from a big bang. This big bang cause the formation of energy, matters, and time. All of the matters are thrown away to everywhere at an extreme speed and automatically cause the exsistence of universe.<br />
<br />
In the theory, Big bang started with an explosion that comes from matters with infinite dense and zero volume. After the explosion, All of the matters were scattered to all direction. This Big Bang Theory is the most well known theory that's known now. It is because this theory had been proofed. First of all, based on research, we know that all sapce things in this universe are moving away each other. This fact shows that this universe are not static, but always dinamic. This fact was known from the radiation that scattered by stars and the other things in this universe. It is said that if the radiation is red colored, it means the things are moving closer to our planet. Oppositely, it is said that the things are moving farther if they emit purple colored radiation. It is known that almost all of the space things are emit purple colored radiation. That automatically proof that the space things are moving farther each other.<br />
<br />
Beside that, the strongest evidence of Big Bang theory is echo of big bang which still exsist until now. This echo trance is detected everywhere in this universe. Thus echo trance, which called cosmic microwave background radiation was founded by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson as the evidence of big bang theory.<br />
<br />
There're also another evidence that proof the big bang theory. Based on the calculation of Hydrogen and Helium in this universe, it is show that the comparison of those two elements are always in balance amount. The hydrogen will vanished and not exsist more in this universe due to fuse reaction that transform them into helium if the universe always constant.<br />
<br />
Big bang theory are approved by most people right now. It is also means that most of people agree that this universe exist from nothingness at it's start and become exsist by an explosion called Big Bang.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com59tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-46828782771237411642010-03-27T20:43:00.002+08:002010-03-28T12:01:54.274+08:00THE BEGINNING<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://yanatea.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/bumi1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="http://yanatea.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/bumi1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Around 4 million years ago, the first creature was estimated to appeared. This first creature is estimated as a simple procariotic <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a>. It is estimate that this first creature was born at the primitive sea which usually called prabiotic soup by scientists. This first procariotic creature was live by "gulp" the organic substances around itself.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"How the first creature may born at that time?", "How can this creature which is estimated as a little procariotic <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> may become compilcated organism at the future?" and "How they can survive in young earth which still a little uncomfortable for life?" </blockquote><br />
These question still mysteries for us. It is because there are only a little evidences that connected to the origin of creatures. Even, some of these evidences are still doubt by some scientists.<br />
<br />
The first creature was estimated to born from the abiotic evolution at that time. At that time, the young earth condition is different from earth condition now. The compotition of the young earth atmosphere is also different. Scientists estimated the atmosphere at that time contain a lot carbon dioxide, methane, and the other gas. This atmosphere only contain a little oxygen at that time. Scientists estimated that this condition had trigger "the born of the first creature". Scientists said that this theory may right. It is because an experiment did by Alexander Oparin, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey.<br />
<br />
<i>It is said that Oparin sometimes is called "Darwin of the 20th century."<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2007"></sup> Although he began by reviewing the various panspermia theories, he was primarily interested in how life initially began. As early as 1922, he asserted the following steps:</i><br />
<i>1. There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. The complex combination of manifestations and properties so characteristic of life must have arisen in the process of the evolution of matter.</i><br />
<i>2. Taking into account the recent discovery of methane in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the other giant planets, Oparin postulated that the infant Earth had possessed a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.</i><br />
<i>3. At first there were the simple solutions of organic substances, the behavior of which was governed by the properties of their component atoms and the arrangement of those atoms in the molecular structure. But gradually, as the result of growth and increased complexity of the molecules, new properties have come into being and a new colloidal-chemical order was imposed on the more simple organic chemical relations. These newer properties were determined by the spatial arrangement and mutual relationship of the molecules.</i><br />
<i>4. In this process biological orderliness already comes into prominence. Competition, speed of growth, struggle for existence and, finally, natural selection determined such a form of material organization which is characteristic of living things of the present time.</i><br />
<i>Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems - possible precursors of cells - from which primitive living things could develop. He cited the work done by de Jong on coacervates and other experimental studies, including his own, into organic chemicals which, in solution, may spontaneously form droplets and layers. Oparin suggested that different types of coacervates might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean and, subsequently, been subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.</i><br />
<i>While Oparin himself was unable to do extensive experiments to investigate any of these ideas, scientists were later able to. In 1953, for example, Stanley Miller performed what is perhaps the first experiment to investigate whether chemical self-organization would have been possible on the early earth. (See Miller-Urey experiment.) He showed that from a mixture of several simple components of a reducing atmosphere, with the input only of heat (to provide reflux) and electrical energy (sparks, to simulate lightning), a variety of familiar organic compounds such as amino acids were synthesised within a fairly short period of time. The compounds that formed were somewhat more complex than the molecules that were present at the beginning of the experiment. (wikipedia.org)</i><br />
<i><br />
</i><br />
Although this experiment can produce organic substances from anorganic substances, this experiment still unable to explain how the first creature can be born. Wherease, there is still no experiment that can explain about how the first creature can be born. We can only know that there is an extraordinary power that involved in the creation of the first creature. This statement directly show us that there are power that outside our mind and knowldge that had created the first creature in this Earth. Subhanallah...Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-31498251491762725952010-03-20T22:21:00.001+08:002010-03-24T19:42:25.825+08:00SELF SACRIFICE IN OUR BODY<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.biooncology.com/bioonc/images/apoptosis-image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.biooncology.com/bioonc/images/apoptosis-image.jpg" width="181" /></a></div>There are a lot of wonderful events in our body. One of them is self sacrifice of the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cells</a>. This self sacrifice is not only an ordinary sacrifice. It is because when a <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> do this, this <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> will die. Usually, this self-sacrifice called Apoptosis.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Apoptosis happens in order to keep the amount of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cells</a> of the multicellular organisms in a normal amount. Beside that, this mechanism also plays an important role in the morphogenesis of fingers of embryo. If this mechanism doesn't happens, the embryo will have membranes between it's fingers. This mechanism also prevent cancer by keeps the amount of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cells</a> in mature organisms body always in constant number.<br />
<br />
This mechanism is a wonderful mechanism. It is because not only can prevent a lot of disorders of our body, but also because this mechanism cause some of our <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cells</a> body "kill themshelves". But how, this mechanism may happens? and how the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cells</a> that must death may kill themshelves only for the sake of the organism?<br />
<br />
Apoptosis begins when a <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> receive a "death signal" on it's receptors. This "death signal" will make a protein called ced 9 (where ced stands for "<a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> death") become inactive. The inactivity of this protein will automatically activates two kind of proteins which will cause damage in the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> by cutting the DNA and many others. Then the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> dies. After that, this "suicide" cell will be "gulped" by the nearby <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a>.<br />
<br />
There are still many mysteries left in this mechanism. It is because how can a <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/search/label/CELL">cell</a> that doesn't have ability to think may sacrifice itself for the sake of organism that it consist wherease as humans, sometimes we can be arrogant and doesn't want to yield for other people.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-15244116021885682622010-02-27T21:49:00.000+08:002010-02-27T21:49:46.757+08:00BUFFER SOLUTIONThere are a lot of proccesses in our body. Usually, these proccesses are really complicated. Some of them even happens in our cells. This is shows how complicated the proccesses that thappens in our body. Most of this proccesses use chemical substance, espescially acid and base substance. Of course there are also others factors that make the proccesses work. For example pH. Temperature, and many others.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
pH is one of the factors. Some enzymes or cells need the right pH to work functionally. For example is our blood. Humans blood pH must around 7.6 to make the blood works properly and functionally. But, if this pH decrease below 7.4, blood won't work properly. Even the pH only a little below 7.4.<br />
<br />
The same case also happens if the blood's pH is higher than 7.8, human's blood will not work properly. But, how our body can maintain this narrow blood's pH range? Although there are a lot of chemical substance in our body that are highly acid like HCl (pH around 1 to 2).<br />
<br />
Buffer one of substance that maintain the blood's pH. Buffer solution is a kind of solution which consist of two kind of solution. a weak acid solution and it's salt or a weak base and it's salt. Mechanisms in buffer solution allow it to maintain the blood's pH.<br />
<br />
If the buffer solution is consists of weak acid and it's salt, when a solution with this buffer solution will have almost the same pH before it is mixed (with base). Theorically, the weak acid in buffer solution will react with base to form H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: small;">O and it's acid conjugation. Wherease this acid conjugation will react with the weak acid's salt to reform the weak acid. this always happens every times some base are put into the solution. That's why a solution which added with buffer solution will have almost same pH. This is also happens to a solution that added with buffer solution that consist of weak base and it's salt.</span><br />
<br />
These buffer solution may mantain the pH of chemical solution in our body. These solutions are really important for our lives. If these solutions are none in our body, our body may not work properly and it may cause death. that's why these solutions are really important for our body.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com63tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-25972504834505257722010-02-14T12:09:00.000+08:002010-02-14T12:09:48.913+08:00"Eichornia crassipes" WEED WITH A LOT OF FUNCTION<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://sman1ah.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/eceng-gondok-berbunga.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://sman1ah.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/eceng-gondok-berbunga.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div><i>Eichornia crassipes</i> is a kind of plants which usually can be found at waters. Usually, this plant can be found in colony. This plant known as one of weeds that usually "pollute" the waters, espescially river with it's large population. It have large population because it can reproduce itself really fast. It's large population automatically caused the surface of river being covered by their colony population.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<i>Eichornia crassipes</i> is also known as Water Hyacinth. Indonesian usually call it "Eceng Gondok". Although in Indonesia, the name differ in each places. This plant actually come from Amazon River, Brazil. So, this plant is not a native plants in our country.<br />
<br />
Water Hyacinth is said as a really annoying weed. But did you know? There are a lot of function of the water hyacinth. For example, it can be made into handcrafts, fertilizer, etc. Even, Water hyacinth can be used as bricket for fuel.<br />
<br />
<br />
A lot of handicrafts are made of water hyacinth now. It is because this plant is easily found around waters. Beside that, handicrafts that made of this plants seems to be liked by people.<br />
<br />
Water hyacinth can be made into handicrafts. Automatically, it opens employments for people. That's mean it can decrease the number of unemployments. Beside that, it also offer a quiet high profit.<br />
<br />
Water Hyacinth has a high reproduction and growth power. It is because this plant has an enzyme which that triggers it's highspeed reproduction and growth. Based on this, water hyacinth can be made into fertilizer for others plants. So, the plants can grows rapidly.<br />
<br />
The most useful function of water hyacinth is it's ability to absorb the dissolved metals from water. Dissolved metal are really dangerous for organisms at large amount. Althought the amount of dissolved metal in water are low, if it's accumulate in organism's body, it can be dangerous. Water hyacinth has the ability to absorb the dissolved metal. So, the amount of dissolved metal will reduce.<br />
<br />
Of course there are still a lot of function that can be found from water hyacinth. This functions have show that water hyacinth are not only weed. But a weed with a lot of function.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-26221093584158163422010-02-07T16:10:00.001+08:002010-02-07T16:24:09.160+08:00THE DARKEST PLACE IN THE OCEAN: APHOTIC AREA<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzCmzGn-T_aDuQnPOuypBvr_5uvsjhb4v336MO2b9RjHEJO46wsgdJKt_1Pa_d6I-q7WCigEaRMSH6hI0r63F1Da1mVwnm5p1LaV_-vUssV7GxES8hqR8xUt6hIqvj4-aSt3kYvejaFg/s1600-h/2R603myctophiidsOE_432.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5277268432750841778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzCmzGn-T_aDuQnPOuypBvr_5uvsjhb4v336MO2b9RjHEJO46wsgdJKt_1Pa_d6I-q7WCigEaRMSH6hI0r63F1Da1mVwnm5p1LaV_-vUssV7GxES8hqR8xUt6hIqvj4-aSt3kYvejaFg/s320/2R603myctophiidsOE_432.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>2/3 parts of our world are covered with oceans. But, our's knowledge about the oceans isn't much, especcially about the aphotic area at the depth of the ocean.<br />
<br />
<br />
Aphotic areas are an extreme area, because it has an extreme water pressure, pH, and there is almost no light. It depth are more than 200 meters, that's why there isn't any light in this area (sunshine can reach the depth only around 200 meters, these areas called as photic areas).<br />
<a name='more'></a><span class="fullpost"><br />
</span><br />
the scientists founds, the aphotic areas have a few floras and faunas that can adapted for these extreme conditions, most of them are carnivorous organisms because these kind of areas almost have no plants. In this area, the plant's role as the producents are replaced by bacteries. This bacteries use some kind of <i>sulfide particles </i>that burst from some craters into the water. this particles will be transformed by the bacteries with kemosynthetsis. This anabolism process will create many particles that used by the filter-feeder animal as their food.<br />
Many faunas in this area have a weird and unic form like the lanturn fish that has a part of his head which transform into a rod for fishing-liked, this part can be glowed and used like a bait to catch some prey. Most of the faunas that lived in afotic areas can glows, because they have some fluorecent subtances in their body.<br />
The aphotic areas have many food chains which mostly carnivorous. The recidue from the food chains like organics waste will be eaten by the deposit-feeders which mostly from echinoderm phyllum. these organism are the cleaners of the ocean because they make the decompose process faster.<br />
The Characteristic of Aphotic Areas:<br />
<ul><li>sunlight can't reach this area caused by it's depthness that more than 200 meters</li>
<li>there's only a few floras in this area</li>
<li>almost all of the creatures in this area are carnivorous</li>
<li>many animals in this area have some weirds and unics form</li>
<li>in this area, the water pressure may make a submarine crush<br />
</li>
</ul>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-37553743117896750692010-01-23T21:43:00.001+08:002010-01-23T21:44:56.463+08:00NATURAL ACID AND BASE INDICATORS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>CHAPTER I</b></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>BASIC THEORIES AND OBJECTIVES </b></span><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<b>A. Basic Theory</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>1. The theory of acids and bases</b><br />
<br />
Acid (often represented by the general formula HA) is generally a chemical compound that when dissolved in water will produce a solution with a pH less than 7. In the modern definition, an acid is a substance that can give a proton (H + ions) to other substances (called bases), or may receive a free electron pair of the bases. An acid reacts with a base in a neutralization reaction to form a salt. Acids have a sour taste and are corrosive or damaging the metal.<br />
<br />
General definition of the bases are chemical compounds that release hydroxide ions (OH -) when dissolved in water. Base is the opposite of acid, which is intended to elements / compounds that have a pH more than 7. Bases have a bitter taste and are caustic and feels slippery.<br />
<br />
There are three theories about acids and bases.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">a.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Arrhenius Acids and Bases</span> Theory</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">According to Arrhenius, acids are substances that when dissolved in water increase the concentration of ions H + (aq). <i>Bases</i> are substances that when dissolved in water can increase the concentration of ions OH-(aq).</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">ion H+(aq) tidak berupa proton bebas tetapi terikat secara kimia pada molekul air, membentuk H3O+(aq).</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">ion H + (aq) is not free but form protons chemically bound water molecules, forming H3O + (aq).</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This species is called the hydronium ion itself associated through hydrogen bonds with a number of water molecules. (Purba, 2009:172)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>b.</b></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Bronsted-Lowry</b></span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Acid and Base Theory </b></span><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In 1923, John Bronsted and Thomas Lowry suggested that the reaction of acids and bases can be viewed as a <i>proton transfer</i> reaction, and acid-base can be defined in the form of proton transfer</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">According to acid-base theory Bronsted-Lowry, <i>an acid</i> is a species that gives (donors) protons, while <i>bases</i> are acting as the recipient (acceptor) protons in a proton transfer reaction.</span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>c.</b></span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b> Lewis</b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b> Acids and</b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b> Bases </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Theory</b></span><br />
<div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">GN Lewis stated that the concept of acids and bases can be applied generally to include the reaction of the acid reaction of oxide and oxide base and a number of other reactions, including proton transfer reactions.</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">According to this concept, a <i>Lewis acid</i> is a species that can form a covalent bond by accepting the free electron pair of another species (the acid as a free electron pair acceptor).</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A <i>Lewis base</i> is a species that can form covalent bonds with electron pairs to give other species.</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The concept of Lewis acid-base and the Bronsted-Lowry perspective differs according to the specific chemical reactions.</span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><b><br />
</b><br />
</div><div align="justify"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">d. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Indicator solution</span></b><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> <br />
</span></span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Indicator solution is a substance that has a different color on acid, alkaline, and neutral.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Akibatnya, larutan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk membedakan larutan asam, basa, dan netral.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">As a result, the solution can be used to distinguish acid, alkaline, and neutral.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Some of the indicators commonly used in laboratories, among other fenolflatein solution (pp), red metal, and orange </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">metal</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">.</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Many substances around us that can be used as an indicator of acid and alkali.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">For example, leaf, flower, turmeric, mangosteen skin, and purple cabbage.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This is because the solution of these materials give a different color on acid and alkaline and neutral.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">To prove this, mangosteen skin that has been refined in a neutral state would be purple.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">However, if the added acid solution, the color purple will change to reddish brown.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Conversely, if the alkaline solution is added, the color of the skin extract of mangosteen will change from purple to blue-black.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">With these color changes, skin extract of mangosteen can be used as an indicator of acid and alkali.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">(Purwanto dan Nugroho, 2008:18-19)</span></span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>B. Objectives</b> </span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">To find out how to distinguish between acid and base solution by using a natural indicator of acid and base.</span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>B. Procedure / Step Work</b></span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Chinese Hibiscus as </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Acids and Bases</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> indicators</span> <br />
</div><ul><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">1.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">1.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Separate the crown of flower from the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">another</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> flower parts.</span>
</div>
</ul><ul><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">2.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">2.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Put</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> the crown of flowers into the mortar.</span>
</div>
</ul><ul><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">3.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">3.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Pound and grind the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">crown of flowers</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> until smooth by using the pestle, add water if necessary.</span>
</div>
</ul><ul><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">4.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">4.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Put aquades into the test tube labeled I, NaOH solution into the test tube labeled II, a solution of HCl in the test tube labeled III, the X solution to the tube labeled IV, and the Y solution to the tube labeled V.</span>
</div>
</ul><ul><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">5.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">5.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Put</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> the extract of chinese hibiscus into each labeled test tube. Observe and record the color changes that occur.</span>
</div>
</ul><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Cassava leaves Trees as Indicators Acids and Bases</span> <br />
</div><ol type="1"><li> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Separate the leaves from the others parts of cassava leaves.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">If it is able, leaves chopped as small as possible to to make the grinding proccess easier.</span> </li>
<li> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Put</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> the cassava leaves in the mortar.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Pound and grind until smooth leaves with a pestle, add water if necessary.</span> </li>
<li> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Put aquades</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> into the test tube labeled I, NaOH solution into the test tube labeled II, a solution of HCl in the test tube labeled III, the X solution to the tube labeled IV, and the Y solution to the tube labeled V.</span> </li>
<li> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Put</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> cassava leaf extract into each labeled test tube.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Observe and record the color change occurs. </span> </li>
</ol><div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">CHAPTER III</span></b><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="center"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS</span></b> <br />
</div><div align="center"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The results of the test acids and bases with the crown indicators hibiscus extract and cassava leaves is presented in tables 1 and 2</span> <br />
<br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Table 1.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> Indicator's</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Color ChangeAfter Mixed with Aquades,</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">NaOH, and HCl.</span> <br />
</div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9013996551095648223" name="table01"></a><br />
<div align="left"><table border="2" cellspacing="0" height="100" style="width: 513px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td height="6" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>No</b></span></span><br />
</td><td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Indicators</b></span> <br />
</td><td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Early Color</b></span> <br />
</td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Color After Mixing</b></span> <br />
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td height="6" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Aquades</b></span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>NaOH</b></span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>HCl</b></span> <br />
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="text-align: center;">1 <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Chinese Hibiscus</span></span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Purple</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Purple</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Brown</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Red</span> <br />
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">2</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Cassava Leaf Tree</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Bright Green</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Bright</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> Green</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Dark</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> Green</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Yellow</span> <br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Table 2.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Indicator's</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Color Change After Mixed with</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> X and Y</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> solution.</span> <br />
</div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9013996551095648223" name="table02"></a><br />
<div align="left"><table border="2" cellspacing="0" height="100" style="width: 508px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td height="6" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>No</b></span> <br />
</td><td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Indicators</b></span> <br />
</td><td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Early Color</b></span> <br />
</td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Color after mixing</b></span> <br />
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td height="6" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>X </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Solution</b></span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Y</b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b> Solution </b></span> <br />
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">1</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">1</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Chinese Hibiscus</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Purple</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Brown</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Dark Red</span> <br />
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">2</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Cassava Leaf Tree</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Bright</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> Green</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Dark</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> green</span> <br />
</td><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Greenish yellow</span><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">CHAPTER IV</span></b><br />
</div><br />
<div align="center"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">DISCUSSION</span></b><br />
</div><div align="center"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Acid molecule would be ionized into ions H <sup>+</sup> and other constituent substances (such as SO <sub>4</sub> <sup>2 -</sup> etc.).</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The ions H <sup>+</sup> is involved in the nature of the acidity of a substance.</span><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In fact, the ions H <sup>+</sup> an acid dissolved in water are in a condition not a stand-alone proton, but it binds with water molecules to form a molecule that can form H <sub>3</sub> O <sup>+</sup> <i>(aq),</i> or H <sub>9</sub> O <sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup> <i>(aq ).</i></span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">(Purba Dkk,1990:116)</span></span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Base ionized molecules is OH <sup>-</sup> ions and the other constituent substances (such as Na <sup>+</sup> and others).</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> these ions </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">OH <sup>-</sup></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> that role in the base nature in a substance.</span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">From the results of experiments carried out, both extracts of hibiscus flower and leaf extract of cassava showed color changes when the indicators of natural acids and bases are included in the test tube which had previously been included acid solution or alkaline solution.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In NaOH which is the base, hibiscus extract change color from purple to brown and the extract of cassava leaves change color from light green to dark green.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The same thing happens also in the X solution.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Means, based on </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Bronsted-Lowry </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> acid base theory (Purba Dkk, 1990) the proton from the hibiscus extract received by OH ions <sup>-</sup> thus causing color changes in the hibiscus extract from purple to brown and the protons of cassava leaf extract received by the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">OH <sup>-</sup></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> ions<sup></sup> thus causing discoloration on cassava leaf extracts from light green to dark green.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">So, since this happens when the test of </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">X</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> solution , then X is also the a base.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">(Purba Dkk,1990:116).</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This is in accordance with the opinion of Kimball (1992:48-49) that the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">OH <sup>-</sup></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> ion from the base compound will be bound to the high side of electronegativity natural indicators.</span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">While the acidic HCL, hibiscus extract changes color from purple to red and cassava leaf extract changed color from light green to yellow.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The same thing happened to Y solution.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Means, based on acid base theory Bronsted-Lowry (Ancient Dkk, 1990) H <sup>+</sup> is donated by HCl and accepted by hibiscus extract resulted in color changes from purple to red, and H <sup>+</sup> are donated by HCl and accepted by cassava leaf extract resulted in a change color from light green to yellow.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">So, since this also happens when the test of Y solution, then Y is also acid.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">As for, extracts from both acids and bases indicators natural does not have any color changes when the two indicators are included in the test tube containing neutral aquades.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">(Purba Dkk,1990:116).</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This is in accordance with the opinion Kimball (1992:48-49) that H <sup>+</sup> ions from acidic compounds will be bound with high electronegativity side of natural indicators.</span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">CHAPTER V</span></b><br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="center"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">CONCLUSION AND ADVICE</span></b><br />
</div><div align="center"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>A. Conclusions.</b></span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">X </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Solution is base.</span> <span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This is because when a natural indicator, either extract of hibiscus or extract of cassava leaves put into a test tube containing an X solution, a natural indicator changes color immediately and became the same color with the color of natural indicators as it is put into the test tube containing the NaOH which is base.</span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Y is an acid.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This is because when the natural indicators, either hibiscus extract or extract of cassava leaf are put into the test tube containing a Y solution, the natural indicator changes color quickly became the color of the exact color of a natural indicator when they are put into a test tube which is containing HCl acid .</span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>B.</b></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><b>Advice</b></span> <br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This practice is recommended to use more natural indicator species. For example, from a variety of flowers, leaves and plants.</span> <br />
<br />
<br />
</div><div align="center"><span style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">REFERENCES</span></b><br />
</div><div align="center"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b> <br />
</div><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kimball, John W. 1991. <i>Biologi Jilid I</i>. Erlangga. Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Purba, Michael. 2009. <i>Kimia.</i> Erlangga. Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Purba, Michael., Soetopo Hidayat., dan Sarwono Hadi. 1990. <i>Ilmu Kimia. </i>Erlangga. Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Purwanto, Budi dan Arinto Nugroho. 2008. <i>Eksplorasi Ilmu Alam I.</i> Tiga Serangkai. Solo<i> </i><o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span> <br />
</div>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com44tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-51583478537011380202010-01-02T12:09:00.002+08:002010-01-02T12:24:13.868+08:00ANIMAL? PLANT? OR...?Around 1632, the first microscope was invented by Antonie van Leewenhook. This microscope enable humans to see microorganisms like microbes and bacteries which are unseeable without aid. At that time, organisms are classified into two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. Animalia is a kingdom which consist of heterothrope organisms which can moving freely whether Plantae is a kingdom which consist of autothrope organisms that have limited movement. By the invention of microscope, humans know there are others organisms beside animals and plants.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/euglena.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/euglena.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
</div><br />
At that time, humans already able to see microorganisms by tha help of microscope. But, the classification of microorganisms had cause problems. It is because some of the microorganisms look like animals, but the others microorganisms look like plants. Automatically, this problem cause controversy between scientist whether the microorganisms classified into Animalia Kingdom or into Plantae Kingdom.<br />
<br />
One of microorganisms that made scientists at that time confused about the microorganisms classification is <i>Euglena sp.</i> This microorganism is one of microorganisms that can move freely with the help of it's Flagellum (plural: flagella). Beside that, <i>Euglena sp</i> also has an ability to do photosynthesis. This shows that <i>Euglena sp</i> has both animal and plant characteristic. Beside <i>Euglena sp</i>, there are also others microorganisms that have both animal and plant characteristic. For example <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/organism-like-plants-protist-algae.html"><i>Volvox sp</i></a>, an <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/organism-like-plants-protist-algae.html">algae</a> that can moving freely.<br />
<br />
Now, microorganisms are classified into three new kingdoms, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/organism-like-plants-protist-algae.html">Protist</a>, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. This is because there are a lot of microorganisms that have animal characteristic or plant charateristic or both of the caharacteristic. Of course between these three microorganism's kingdoms there are also differences. <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/organism-like-plants-protist-algae.html">Protist</a> is microorganisms that have nucleus membrane that covered it's nucleus. This means, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/organism-like-plants-protist-algae.html">protist</a> is <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/08/born-of-eucariotic-cells.html">eucariotic</a> organism. <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/archaebacteria-and-theory-of-organisms.html">Archaebacteria</a> is a procariotic organisms. This is because they don't have nucleus membrane that covered their nucleus. Same with <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/archaebacteria-and-theory-of-organisms.html">Archaebacteria</a>, Eubacteria is a procriotic organism. But, They are different from <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/archaebacteria-and-theory-of-organisms.html">Archaebacteria</a>. <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/12/archaebacteria-and-theory-of-organisms.html">Archaebacteria</a> are microorganisms that live in extreme environment whether Eubacteria live in normal environment. This problem had been solved since the microorganisms classified into three new kingdom. But, sometimes this problem still disputed by some people.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com26tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-43519716783203247372009-12-26T17:18:00.001+08:002009-12-26T18:47:37.241+08:00ORGANISM LIKE PLANTS, PROTIST ALGAE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVOUNllFoOCSNoUPFIlKfvBqBzOYW-eu7j7X2hxJK2yqPylbPpJitZN_RCWRyyib7sGyrviJ6HYMXeRx3EGjE3kQb-eC7Q7bTouvZJJKMfAde06hgf0_diPbIrCYTdcd9ApUOR0HzcvKrv/s1600/protista.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVOUNllFoOCSNoUPFIlKfvBqBzOYW-eu7j7X2hxJK2yqPylbPpJitZN_RCWRyyib7sGyrviJ6HYMXeRx3EGjE3kQb-eC7Q7bTouvZJJKMfAde06hgf0_diPbIrCYTdcd9ApUOR0HzcvKrv/s200/protista.jpg" /></a><br />
</div>Protist algae are eucariotic autothrophe organisms. This group consists of both unicellular and multicellular protist algae. This protist algae is look similarly with plants. That's why sometimes this protist algae thoughted as plants by common people.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Protiste algae named after "φύκια" (algae) which mean seaweed. Protist algae divided into 4 kind of algae, Red Algae (Rhodophyte), Green Algae (Chlorophyte), Brown Algae (Phaeophyte), and Gold Algae (Chrysophyte). This classification is based on the dominant pigment that found in the algae body.<br />
<br />
Every kinds of these algae have a lot of benefits, especially for humans. Red Algae can be used for making jelly and cookies. Beside that, red algae also known as gelatin producer. Green algae can be used as supplemental source for humans. Brown algae used for agricultural fertilizer and feed for farm animals. Gold algae usually used as indicator of oil in Earth.<br />
<br />
<span id="goog_1261738828755"></span><span id="goog_1261738828756"></span>Common people sometimes think protist algae is a plant. But, it is wrong. Protist algae are different from plants. It is because there is one fundamental difference between protist algae and plants, although they have a lot of similarities.<br />
<br />
The difference of these organisms are located at their mobility. Many protists algae have the ability to move actively like animals or microbes and other organisms. For example is <i>Volvox sp.</i> which is one of protist algae, that have the ability to move freely.<br />
<br />
Oppositely, there are no plants that have ability to move freely. But, there are some plants that may move to respond stimulation. for example <i>Mimosa pudica</i> that close it's leaves in order to repond touch on it's leaves which known as seismonasti. Although some of plants can move to respond stimulation, they can't move freely like others organisms.<br />
<br />
Thus, the main difference between protist algae and plants that automatically cause algae protists are not classified in the kingdom Plantae, it is because the algae protists are able to move actively while the plants are not.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com42tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-15258157004535416202009-12-19T20:41:00.001+08:002009-12-19T21:52:00.541+08:00ARCHAEBACTERIA AND THEORY OF THE ORGANISMS ORIGIN<a href="http://images.encyclopedia.com/getimage.aspx?id=2792724&hero=yes" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://images.encyclopedia.com/getimage.aspx?id=2792724&hero=yes" width="200" /></a>Archaebacteria is a group of bacteries that known as procariotic organism. Some years ago, this kind of bacteries classified in Monera Kingdom together with Eubacteria. Archaebacteria estimated had been exist since prehistoric time. That's why this group of bacteries named Archaebacteria (Archae=Ancient, Bacteria=Bactery).<br />
<a name='more'></a>Archaebacteria lives in extreme environments like volcanic hotsprings, area with high salinity, and even areas with high acid level (low pH). These bacteries habitats are one of the reasons why these bacteries estimated had exsist since prehistoric era. The reason is based on the condition of prehistoric Earth which estimated almost same with the habitat of these bacteries.<br />
<br />
Archaebacteria are divided into three kind of bacteries. Metanogen, Termoasidophilic and Halophilic. Metanogen are microbes that live without oxygen and CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> and produce methane. This bacteries estimated had been exsist in prehistoric era which had only a little oxygen in the atmosphere. The second is Termoasidophilic bacteries. These bacteries usually found in areas which have high temperature, exactly around 70 degree celcious. This kind of bacteries is one of the microbes that live in hot temperature place like hotspring. The last archaebacterie is Halophilic bacteries. This bactery lives in areas which have extreme salinity like <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/06/lowest-place-in-world-dead-sea.html">Dead Sea</a>.<br />
<br />
Archaebacteria is estimated as prehistoric bacteries. Beside that, these bacteries estimated as the ancestor of eucariotic organisms due to some similarity with eucariotic organisms although archaebacteria is procariotic organisms.<br />
<br />
Many people believe that these archaebacteria is the ancestor of eucariotic organisms and the first organism that had been exsist in the world. An experiment to produce creatures ever attempted. Scientists estimated that the primordial atmosphere contained methane (CH<span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span>), ammonia (NH<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>), CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> and H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>. Then due to lightning, cosmic radiation and UV rays, These substances react each other to form earlier creatures, which is carried by rain into the ocean. in billions of years, these substances eventually became the first living cell (primitive microbes) that estimated as Archaebacteria.<br />
<br />
W. Miller have made experiments in the Lab. a tube containing this substance and water vapor (H2O) is passed to the high-voltage electric sparks. analyzed and the results were successfully obtained pirimidin and purines, and various amino acid components.purine and piridin a constituent bases of DNA in all living things.<br />
<br />
Althought scientists have succeeded in making g substance into a living creature. they failed to explain how chemical compounds at that time had turned into living creatures and have the ability to reproduce and find food.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-19650130562505928822009-12-15T16:25:00.000+08:002009-12-15T16:25:10.447+08:00THE BIGGEST, BUT ALSO SMALL?<blockquote>There're many facts that human still don't know. Even, some of insignificant facts in this world are still unknown or forgotten. For example, a thing that small in size, but the biggest in other perspective. It is ovum cells.<br />
<br />
</blockquote><br />
cell is the structural and functional units that compose an organism. Cells were seen by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek as the first man who see the cells through a microscope made by himself. Cells size around 0,1 µm (The smallest cells) to 7,1 inches. Many people think that cells are always small in size. But, this idea isn't entirely true. It is because some of cells are really big. For example, Reptile's and Bird's ovum. These organisms were ovipar organisms, which means they reproduce by laying eggs (which also known as ovum cells).<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://jalod.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/human-body-cells-11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="http://jalod.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/human-body-cells-11.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
</div><br />
Reptile's and bird's ovum cells are large in size. It is because these organisms growth and develop in egg at the first time. Oppositely with mammals which growth and develop at the first time in it's mother's womb which gain some nutrition from it's mother, reptiles and birds gain their nutrition from albumin and yolk which already available in the egg. Albumin and yolk contain a lot of nutrition for the growth and developtment of the embryo which growth inside the egg. That's why their ovum cells are large. Maybe, their eggs are the biggest cells ever known.<br />
<br />
This large cell consists of some parts. The outer part is egg shell which used to protect the albumin, yolk, and the embryo. This egg shell has a lot of pores on it. These pores help the transportation of gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide. So, the embryo won't die due to the lack of air. Inside the egg shell, there is albumin. This albumin contains a lot of nutrition like amino acids (protein), some vitamins, minerals, etc. At the blunt edge of egg, between the egg shell and albumin, there is an air cavity. This air cavity also helps the transportation of gases.<br />
<br />
Around the center of the egg, there is a rounded yellow thing. This is the egg yolk which also contains nutrition for the embryo, usually fat. In this yolk, there is a cell which called germ plasm. Germ plasm is the cell that will growth and develop into a new organism.<br />
<br />
One of the biggest cell in world is the ovum cell of ostrich. This cell can reach 7 inches in size. This size had make it become the largest cells that still exist until now.<br />
<br />
Actually, there is another cell that was bigger than ostrich's ovum cell. It was the ovum cell of "<i>Aepyornis maximus</i>" or usually called The Elephant Bird. It's ovum cell may reach more than 34cm in size. It's egg is the largest cells ever known. Unfortunately, Elephant bird was already extinct around 2 centuries ago. If they were not extinct, The Elephant bird egg still the largest cell until now.<br />
<br />
There are still a lot of things, even the insignificant ones that still unknown by humans. This world is only a small thing if it is compared with the knowledge and facts that scattered around this universe.Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-51635668529841647472009-12-05T21:16:00.000+08:002009-12-05T21:16:29.429+08:00HUMAN CIRCULATION SYSTEM DISORDERS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJF60VpwaOLO6u2OAosIX4_UbpHgPgExB28Oduq7OAkCZgI8YKsWQS05VPBAos3RhiOXbnV1r3SqIYEYTl4ojI1pJPafsZ7Ie8uja6jzJn_vt0xLyUt8JZnkpcHHPmaiexjEISTBvfpqc/s1600-h/gejala-anemia-pada-ibu-hamil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJF60VpwaOLO6u2OAosIX4_UbpHgPgExB28Oduq7OAkCZgI8YKsWQS05VPBAos3RhiOXbnV1r3SqIYEYTl4ojI1pJPafsZ7Ie8uja6jzJn_vt0xLyUt8JZnkpcHHPmaiexjEISTBvfpqc/s200/gejala-anemia-pada-ibu-hamil.jpg" /></a><br />
</div>Circulation system is one of the systems that can be found in humans body. This system functionate for circulate substances which are needed by the cells body. This system consist of blood, heart, blood vessels, lymph, and lymph vessels. The blood circulation system is functionate to circulate substances in the body, whereas the lymph circulation functionate to return the surplus liquid in the tissues to the blood vessels.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
This circulation system always working as long as we live. But, sometimes it is impaired by disease and abnormality. There are a lot of disease that attack the circulation system. Some of these disease even can bring someone to death. This is because some of these disease can harm the circulation system. Most of the disease that attack the circulation system are really dangerous. For example Leukemia, Schlerosis whether it is aterioschlerosis or ateroschlerosis, Embolism, and hemoroid. Beside these diseases, there are also genetic disorders that also cause abnormalities at the circulation system like sickle cell anemia, haemophilia, and Bombay blood type.<br />
<br />
Leukemia is a condition where there are too many leucocyte (white blood cells) in blood composition. Then, these leucocyte "eat" the eritrocyte (red blood cells) instead of antigenic substances due to their surplus amount and their ability to digest cells that gulped by them.<br />
<br />
Schlerosis is a disease that clog the blood vessels especially the arterial capillary with plaque that made of lipid or calsium deposits in the arterial capillary. This deposits will inhibit the circulation of blood and cause hypertention. Schlerosis was divided into two kinds of schlerosis. Arteroschlerosis and Aterioschlerosis. The different of this two schlerosis is only the matters that consist the plaque. Aterioschlerosis caused by plaque that consist of lipid whether Ateroschlerosis caused by plaque that consist of calcium deposits.<br />
<br />
Embolism is quite similar with schlerosis in some case. Embolism is a case where something clogs the blood vessels. Something that clogs the blood vessels is able to move. That's why embolism is different with schlerosis.<br />
<br />
Hemoroid is a disease that caused by the dilation of the veins. Especially the vein vessels near anus. This dilation will cause pain when someone who suffer it trying to sit. It is because the dilation of veins are pressed when sit.<br />
<br />
There are still a lot of disease that atack the circulation system. But, beside these disease, there are also genetic disorders that cause abnormalities at the circulation system. For example Sickle Cells Anemia, Haemophilia and Bombay Blood Type.<br />
<br />
Most of genetic disorders are caused by the abnormalities at the arangement of codon in DNA. Nowadays, the abnormalities at the arangement of DNA codon for some genetic disorders are still unknown. Even, only the factors that cause this abnormalities are known.<br />
<br />
For example Haemophilia. This disorder is caused by the absence of anti-haemofilic factor in genes. Whereas <span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Sel-sabit adalah kelainan yang timbul karena bentuk yang abnormal dari salah satu subunit hemaglobin.">Sickle-cell disorder is caused by an abnormal form of one subunit haemaglobin. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Hemaglobin normal berbentuk bulat (seperti kue donat, tanpa lubang di tengah), sedang sel-sabit berbentuk sabit (seperti huruf C)."></span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Hemaglobin normal berbentuk bulat (seperti kue donat, tanpa lubang di tengah), sedang sel-sabit berbentuk sabit (seperti huruf C).">normal h</span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Hemaglobin normal berbentuk bulat (seperti kue donat, tanpa lubang di tengah), sedang sel-sabit berbentuk sabit (seperti huruf C).">aemaglobin has a round shape (like a donut without a hole at the center of it), while sickle cell shaped like a crescent moon or sickle (like the letter C). </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Bentuk yang abnormal tersebut terjadi karena asam amino yang keenam dari rantai β (terdiri atas 146 asam amino), yaitu asam glutamat, yang bersifat polar, tergantikan oleh valin yang bersifat nonpolar.">These abnormal forms occur because the sixth amino acid of the β chain (composed of 146 amino acids), that consist of glutamic acid, which is polar that replaced by a valine which is nonpolar. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Perubahan bentuk ini mengganggu kemampuan hemaglobin dalam mengangkut oksigen.">These shape changes interfere with the ability to carry oxygen hemaglobin. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Selain itu, gaya tarik hidrofobik menyebabkan sel sabit mudah saling menempel sehingga mengelompok dan menyumbat pembuluh kapiler.">In addition, hydrophobic attractive force causes sickle cell easily stick together in groups and block/clog the capillaries. </span><span title="Hal ini dapat menyebabkan peradangan, rasa sakit, kerusakan organ, bahkan kematian.">This can cause inflammation, pain, organ damage, even death.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span id="result_box"><span title="Hal ini dapat menyebabkan peradangan, rasa sakit, kerusakan organ, bahkan kematian.">There are also genetic disorder that attack the blood type it was Bombay Blood Type. </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Sebenarnya ada satu golongan darah yang tidak masuk dari 4 jenis diatas, yaitu Bombay Blood.">This blood type that does not enter from the 4 blood types in ABO system, named Bombay Blood. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Dari namanya sudah dapat ditebak.">This name was predictable. </span><span title="Bombay, itu nama kota di India.">Bombay, is a city in India. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Diberi nama Bombay karena pertama kali diketemukan pada tahun 1952 di Bombay, India.">Bombay named because it was first discovered in 1952 in Bombay, India.</span><span title="Darah ini sangat langka, hanya timbul 1 dari 250.000.">This blood is very rare, found only 1 of 250,000 in a population. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Golongan O biasanya mengandung H substance yang paling banyak.">Group O usually contain the most high amount H substance. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Karena itu sel O bereaksi paling kuat dengan anti H, tetapi Bombay Blood Oh justru sama sekali tidak memberikan reaksi dengan anti H.">Therefore O cells reacted most strongly with anti-H, but the Bombay Blood Oh it did not react with anti H. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Sel Oh Bombay Blood ini tidak beraksi dengan anti A, anti B dan anti H.">Tues Bombay Blood Oh this does not react with anti-A, anti B and anti-H. </span><span title="Bombay Blood terjadi karena mutasi fucosyltransferase.">Bombay Blood occur because mutations fucosyltransferase.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span id="result_box"><span title="Bombay Blood terjadi karena mutasi fucosyltransferase.">There are still a lot of disease that attack the circulation system. Most of these disease really harm our live. </span></span><span id="result_box"><span title="jadi, sebisa mungkin kita harus berusaha untuk tidak terkena penyakit ini.">so, if it is possible we must try to not get these disease. </span><span title="salah satunya dengan cara melakukan gaya hidup sehat">one way to prevent them is doing healthy lifestyle.</span></span><span id="result_box"><span title="Hal ini dapat menyebabkan peradangan, rasa sakit, kerusakan organ, bahkan kematian."></span></span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-45179606436664594822009-11-21T18:30:00.000+08:002009-11-21T18:30:20.269+08:00THE KINDS OF BLOOD<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQIFuEoyoaDBP8lYYvMKWvcDUbrn2gJwODRd3RCEUJDh9Ny6-itAqebGfMM3u8AmgIvQ68dIuBVkppOVUZ4W6bWY6qnJ04wpkZULYueonDRyp0BL5kEnJ5t_gRVndLz3WOCt00zE_HFNE/s1600/sel+darah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQIFuEoyoaDBP8lYYvMKWvcDUbrn2gJwODRd3RCEUJDh9Ny6-itAqebGfMM3u8AmgIvQ68dIuBVkppOVUZ4W6bWY6qnJ04wpkZULYueonDRyp0BL5kEnJ5t_gRVndLz3WOCt00zE_HFNE/s320/sel+darah.jpg" /></a><br />
</div>Blood type is a kind of blood classification based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells. There are around 30 human blood type system based on different antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells membrane. These antigenic substances can be protein, glycoprotein, glycolipids, or carbohydrates.<br />
<br />
The most well known blood type systems are The AB0 System, and Rhesus System. Each of these systems based on different antigenic substance on the surface of red blood cells membrane.<br />
<a name='more'></a>AB0 System are invented by Karl Landsteiner. This system divide blood into 4 type: A, B, AB, and 0. Every blood types have their own agglutinogen. Type A has the agglutinogen <span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="a">α and agglutinin </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">β</span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="a"> and whereas type B has the agglutinogen </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">β and aglutinin </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="a">α</span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">. But, type AB has both of agglutinogen </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="a">α and </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">β and have no agglutinin whereas type 0 have no agglutinogen and has both of agglutinin type </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="a">α</span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b"> and </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">β. That's why type AB blood said as the universal recipient which means this blood type can receive transfusion from all others blood type and oppositely type 0 can donate it's blood to all other blood type which said as the universal donor.</span></span> But, it is not recommended to transfused different blood type to another blood type although one or both of the blood types <span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">that involved in the transfusion are universal donor and universal recipient due to some dangerous risks.<br />
</span></span><br />
<br />
<span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b"> <span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">The second blood classification is Rhesus System. It is based on RH factor antigen. This system was named after a species of Rhesus monkey which is also known to has this agglutinogen. This system was also found by Karl Landsteiner. This system divide the blood into two kind of blood. Rh+ and Rh-. Someone who has Rh factor will be classified as Rh+ and Who haven't the factor will be classified as Rh-. Usually, this system's blood type will be same in the same race. Rhesus type is really important. It because if an Rh- woman marry with an Rh+ man, their second, third, and next children may dangered by </span></span><i>erythroblastosis fetalis</i> which is caused if the embryo blood type is Rh+.This embryo then will be attacked by it's mother's immunity (due to the difference of Rh blood type.</span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">Sometimes, genetic disorders can cause some disorder at someone's blood type. For example The Bombay Type which firstly found in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. Someone with this blood type won't express the "H antigens" which always expressed at 0 blood type. This blood type is very rare. only one people from two hundred and fifty thousands people has this blood type. The AB0 usual test will classified this blood type as 0. Accidentally, this blood type can only receive blood transfusion from the another Bombay Type which means it is really dangerous for someone with Bombay Type that get injured due to the rarity of this blood type</span></span><br />
<span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="b">.<br />
</span></span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-76410223779884431682009-10-31T22:12:00.002+08:002009-12-02T14:48:14.092+08:00SOLAR SYSTEM<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://reenge.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/tata-surya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://reenge.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/tata-surya.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
</div><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Solar system is a place where the Earth, our living place is located. Solar System consisted of a lot of space things that round over the Sun as the center of Solar System. These space things are variates. For example planets, asteroids, comets even meteors. These space things Have their own orbit. orbit is a kind of path that passed by the space things.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Planets are space thing that orbited around the sun that have almost circular orbit. Things that make the other space thing and planet differ are the shape of their orbit. Beside that unlike stars like sun, the planets don't have it's own light (can't produce light). The planets only able to reflect the light from the star that come toward them. There're more than 9 planets that orbit the sun, and will be more as the development of research.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Planets are divided into two. Inner planets and outer planets. These two kind of planets are separated by the Earth as their separator. That's also means the inner planets consist of Mercury and Venus. And the outer planet automatically consist of Mars until the outer planets.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The different of these kind of planets are based on the matters that consist the planet, and the planet's size. The inner planets mostly consist of metal and have small radius. That's why these kind of planets are dense. Whereas, the outer planet are mostly consisted of gas and less dense than the inner planets. but, their radius are large.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Between Earth and Mars, there're a lot of asteroids that orbit the sun. These orbited asteroids form an asteroid belt that orbit around the Sun. Sometimes, some asteroids are out of it's orbit and being pulled by planets gravitation. This asteroids then called meteor now (actually not all meteors are come from asteroids).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the most well known space thing is comets. Comets are also space things that orbit the sun. They have very elliptical orbit. The most well known comet is Halley Comet. This comet can be seen every 76 years. this is because this comet has an elliptical orbit.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">People has study the solar system and the universe since centuries ago. The studies have bring out two theories about the solar system. The first theory is Geocentric theory. This theory is the oldest theory of Solar System. This theory said that Earth is the center of Solar System. The sun and the others planets are <br />
orbit around the Earth. This theory was based on that time observation that show the moves of the sun which known as the apparent motion of the sun and the others planet revolution.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The second theory is Heliocentric Theory. This theory said that the sun is the center of solar system. Earth and the others planets are orbit around the sun. This theory are recognized by a lot of people now due to the research that showed the facts that Sun is the center of Solar System.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">There're still a lot of things that unknown by us. For example the increase of the planets due to the development at research and technologies. So, we must grow our curiosity for knowing more about this universe.<br />
</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-83624002482821476132009-10-15T15:25:00.000+08:002009-10-15T15:01:12.492+08:00SAVE OUR PLANET! BLOG ACTION DAY 2009- Climate Change<a href="http://www.elrst.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/climate-change.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" src="http://www.elrst.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/climate-change.jpg" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 217px; width: 217px;" border="0" /></a><i><blockquote>Pollutant increased, Illegal Logging destroys the forests, Disasters are everywhere, Earth warms up, the icebergs suddenly dissapear, Climate change, Our world in danger.</blockquote></i><br /><span class="fullpost"><br />Now, our planet is in dangers. This is caused by many factors. But, most of the dangers are caused by humans activities, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>, and climate change.<br /><br />Because of these factors, disasters are happened. Floods sank some region due to the dissapearance of forests that mostly caused by illegal logging. The ice in the north pole and south pole melted and the sea surface level increased due to the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>. Humans must responsible to their activities that increase the amount of pollutants and the green house gases that cause these climate change and <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>.<br /><br />Artics ice decrease rapidly because <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a> that triggers the climate change. Many people near artic saw Artic's icebergs that suddenly dissapeared. The decrease of Artic ice may effect seas and ocean. The melted ice will cause the increase of sea surface height which automaticaly cause many lower place sink beneath the sea. Beside that, the melted ice also mix with sea water that may cause the disappearance of the gulf stream at the north Atlantic.<br /><br />At Siberia, climate change triggers the melts of underground permafrost. Permafrost is rocks and soils which had frozen at least 2 years. These melts cause the permafrost aren't strong enough to prop the things on it. These melts had cause many houses in Siberia broke.<br /><br />There are many effects that caused by climate change that caused pain to Earth, although almost all of them are caused by us. But, not all of the effects are destroy our Earth. For example, based on a book, ESSENTIAL SCIENCE, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">GLOBAL WARMING</a> by Fred Pearce, the effects of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a> and climate change may turn back <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/one-of-doomsday-sign-sahara-desert.html">Sahara Dessert</a> into it past condition, a forest. It is said that now in <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/one-of-doomsday-sign-sahara-desert.html">Sahara</a>, there are only a few vegetation with a little rainfall. But, only with a little more rainfall that caused by <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a> and followed by the vegetation increase, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/one-of-doomsday-sign-sahara-desert.html">Sahara may turn back into forest</a>.<br /><br />Places that was said before are only a few of places that is affected by climate change. The reality, shows us that the entire world is affected by climate change due the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>. We know that most of the factor that cause <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a> and climate change are caused by us. We should stop doing something that may cause climate change and <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>. At least, reduce doing it step by step and change the methods with the "eco friendly" ones. For example, change the fossil gases with wind or solar power. This change will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide that released to atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is known as one of the green house gases which cause green house effects that contribute to the <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>. The less green house gases, the less the effect of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a>, especially climate change. So, the effect of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">global warming</a> will not increase and also will not damage the environments anymore. PREVENT <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/01/global-warming-and-its-effects-to-our_17.html">GLOBAL WARMING</a>! SAVE OUR PLANET!<br /><br /><blockquote>A CELEBRATION FOR <a href="http://www.blogactionday.org/">BLOG ACTION DAY 2009: CLIMATE CHANGE</a>.<br /><br /></blockquote><br /><br /><blockquote style="font-style: italic;">Note: In Islam, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/one-of-doomsday-sign-sahara-desert.html">Sahara Reforestation</a> is known as one of the signs that signing the doomsday is near.</blockquote><br /></span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com34tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-64862906037278317622009-10-10T10:28:00.008+08:002009-10-11T08:22:58.835+08:00THE UNUSUAL PLANTS, GYMNOSPERM<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjahEyOV4ujIDNtFrWRSkW9YTiBMtJM_4exOESa6aXqcLYABFc3DBJvwgpgQw2mXDS64xm4ykw_0g3dkQmDsyiDBOlT6tpWR1I344abHgqc5_ElBnF3oLUDVBuEy7yzscsWTXuSN-UVzP2B/s320/Presentation1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 239px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjahEyOV4ujIDNtFrWRSkW9YTiBMtJM_4exOESa6aXqcLYABFc3DBJvwgpgQw2mXDS64xm4ykw_0g3dkQmDsyiDBOlT6tpWR1I344abHgqc5_ElBnF3oLUDVBuEy7yzscsWTXuSN-UVzP2B/s320/Presentation1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>Gymnosperm is a classification of plants group whose leaves that never fall, even in autumn and winter season. Sometimes, people call them ''Evergreen'' plants. Gymnosperm word was taken from Greek "gymnospermos" which means "naked seed" .Gymnosperm classification based on the plant's seeds which covered by pulp or not. If the seed covered by pulp, it classified as angiosperm. If not, it classified as gymnosperm. Both of Gymnosperm and angiosperm are the member of Spermatophyte.<br /><span class="fullpost"><br />Gymnosperm estimated had been exist since the late carboniferous period. This has proven by fossils records which show the early gymnosperm plants.<br /><br />Gymnosperm reproduce theirselves by using two kind of spore, Megasporangium and Mikrosporangium. Most o Gymnosperm fertilization are helped by wind.<br /><br /><br />Gymnosperm are old plants, some of them even already extinct. But, there're some weird gymnosperm that really unusual. Some of them are known as the highest tree in the world, the others are known as the largest tree due their stem volume. Even there's a kind of gymnosperm that lives more than 4800 years.<br /><br />"Sequoia" is one of this unusual gymnosperm. It is said as the highes creatures in the world due it's height which usually around 115 meters. Even, this tree often transformed into a habitats of others creature like Pterydophite families, bird, even some microorganism.<br /><br />Another unusual plant is Ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) which has the thickest stem (around 10 meters). This plant was known as plant with the thickest stem ever known.<br /><br />Most of the unusual gymnosperm are famous for their size. But, there is some unusual gymnosperm that have normal size. For example the bristlecone Great Basin Pine which only nine meters height. So, why this gymnosperm is said as an unusual plant?<br /><br />The Bristlecone Great Basin Pine is famous for it's age. This gymnosperm are known as a creature that has the longest life span ever. This gymnosperm even can survive more than 4800 years. That's why these gymnosperm said as the creatures which has the longest life span ever.<br /><br />Most of the unusual plants are classified as gymnosperm. Although there are others unusual plants that come from the others plant's classification. These plants can be said as one of miracles that known on the Earth surface. Together with the others miracles and facts, these plants indirectly shown one of the almightiness of our creator.</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-27923819028378276422009-10-04T10:26:00.004+08:002009-10-05T21:30:22.505+08:00WHAT IS THE MOST WONDERFUL THING IN THE WORLD?<i>What is the most wonderful thing in the world? A big house? A luxury car? Or something really expensive? If you thing those things are the most wonderful thing in the world, you are incorrect. There are many of these wonderful things around us. Even, this thing also found in our body. Did you know what things are them? This thing was known as the smallest thing in the world beside atom and the others particles, which called </i><br />
<a name='more'></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" name="more"></a>CELLS.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/images/animalcellsfigure1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/images/animalcellsfigure1.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit. Cells were identified at the first time when Anthony Van Leeuwenhook made the first microscope. Beside Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, there is Robert hooke who saw the plants cells of died cork tissues which show rooms that was the cork tissue's cells. This "roomy" appearance has cause these cells called "Cell" which means rooms.<br />
<br />
In cells there're many substance from micro molecules and macromolecules and organelles which are really complex. This complexity has amazed many scientists and researcher. this complexity are shown by the nuclear of cells, especially the chromatin filament contains DNA. This DNA also contains genetic code which used for the cells regulation. The complexities were shown by the length of chromatin which longer than 500 meters. This really long chromatin only packed in a little cell nuclear which only has a little diameter (less than 1 mm).<br />
<br />
There're still many complexities that shown by cells. For example Mitochondria which also has it's own DNA that different with the cell's nuclear. Mitochondria are organelles those functionate as intracellular respiration place. So, this organelle can be said as the "house of power" of the cell.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beside mitochondria, there’re a lot of other organelles and structures with it’s own function in cells. Cell’s membrane, a layer that consist of phospholipids, protein, carbohydrate, and the others molecules functionate as divider between the environment in the cell and the environment outside the cell. This membrane is a semi permeable membrane which means this membrane can be passed by certain molecules.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Around the nucleus, There’re an organelle called Endoplasmic Reticulum. This organelle connects the nucleus with the environment outside the cell. This organelle divided into two types: rough endoplasmic reticulum which has ribosomes on it. And smooth endoplasmic reticulum which has not ribosome on it. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, together with ribosomes functionate as a place for protein synthesis (ribosomes synthesize the protein and then “send the protein to rough endoplasmic reticulum). Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functionate in many metabolism processes.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aparatus Golgi is the cell’s organelle that functionate as the cell’s secretion organelle. This organelle secretize some enzymes. That’s why the secretion organs have many apparatus golgi in it.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">There’re also some organelle that can be found only in animal cells or plant cells. For example Lysosome which used for intracellular digestion. Centrosome help the fission of cell. Both of these organelles can be found only in animal’s cells. Plastid functionate as a photosynthetic organelle. This organelle used for “catch” the light energy for photosynthesis process. This organelle can be found only in plant’s cell.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plant’s cell has it’s own uniqueness. At it’s cell’s membrane, there’s a structure that consist of cellulose which called “Cell’s Wall”. This Cell’s Wall is rigid. So, it can be use as the protector of cell. But, this cell’s wall cause the plant’s cell can’t grow freely.<br />
<br />
The most amazing event that happens in the cells is Mitosis and Meiosis. At Mitosis, cell experience six phase to split. Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis.<br />
<br />
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell's nuclear into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei.It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane into two daughter cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. This process divide the chromosomes into equal amount at each daughter cells.<br />
<br />
Meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half. In animals, meiosis always results in the formation of gametes, while in other organisms it can give rise to spores. As with mitosis, before meiosis begins, the DNA in the original cell is replicated during S-phase of the cell cycle. Two cell divisions separate the replicated chromosomes into four haploid gametes or spores.<br />
<br />
Both of this wonderful process happens in a tiny cells. Mitosis helps the regeneration of cells, so if some of the cells in a tissue death, mitosis will replace it with the new ones. whereas Meiosis cut the half of chromosomes amount. So, the gamete cells will have normal amount of chromosomes when two of the gamete cells (both sperm and ovum cells) fuse each other (fertilization). Without Meiosis, the amount of chromosomes in organism's descendant body will be twice and become abnormal. So, both of this wonderful process that happens in a tiny cell that is smaller than the particle of dust. These facts have show us about the almightiness of our creator, Allah SWT.</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com111tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-59981593342304658552009-09-27T10:27:00.001+08:002009-09-27T16:02:44.442+08:00THE MIRACLES OF QUR'AN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.beliefnet.com/cityofbrass/257817030_4d53f47920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://blog.beliefnet.com/cityofbrass/257817030_4d53f47920.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
</div>Al-Qur'an is the last ''books'' that ''descended'' as ''guidance'' for humans. Al-Qur'an contains a lot of ''paragraph'' that tell about many things in this universe like many recent facts that was invented recently with modern technologies which unable to invented when Al-Qur'an descended.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Some of these facts are modern scientific facts which recently invented. Although Al-Qur'an isn't a book of knowldege, Al-Qur'an contains a lot of modern facts which just invented recently. Indirectly, these facts have show us about the truth/correctness of Al-Qur'an "paragraphs".<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">For example, Al-Qur'an told us about</span><span style="font-size: small;"><a al-qur\="" an="" href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2008/12/creation-of-universe-theory-and-its.html" rel="bookmark" relation="" s="" title="Permanent Link to THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE THEORY AND IT\" with=""> The Creation of Universe</a></span> at Surah AL-ANBIYA at "paragraph" 30,Surah AL-AN'AM at "paragraph" 101 and at surah ADH-DHARIYAT at "paragraph" 47.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFqRA6eeRmfCSavz0yEDAUob1DWxYe0oTPDPnPQ8u9ZTZRDRFMPyzcJX6JT2s1CZzQjo2gqHC-ISnaIeD-azf3CIqaUYGqahAGJnXwYAhWf0aG5pPn8sn-FZGCehywTd4plJ1PM_X2wTg/s1600-h/21_30.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5275561528673168322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFqRA6eeRmfCSavz0yEDAUob1DWxYe0oTPDPnPQ8u9ZTZRDRFMPyzcJX6JT2s1CZzQjo2gqHC-ISnaIeD-azf3CIqaUYGqahAGJnXwYAhWf0aG5pPn8sn-FZGCehywTd4plJ1PM_X2wTg/s320/21_30.gif" style="display: block; height: 66px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">(Q.S AL-ANBIYA: 30)<br />
<br />
<br />
</div><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkmRwOeo1AGJrinRNPt4xwNKXi14_ITzF_FdKoeKs1gYSuIvAjxO6GkA6CTqkmZBPvS2ZI3v01iTsjEYTMrJLeo2Z5Vv5_iGBucUhLmvjOtbaIk30rQCh7qr2N6b3QwrRNfZv1evneHTI/s1600-h/6_101.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5275563718790300002" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkmRwOeo1AGJrinRNPt4xwNKXi14_ITzF_FdKoeKs1gYSuIvAjxO6GkA6CTqkmZBPvS2ZI3v01iTsjEYTMrJLeo2Z5Vv5_iGBucUhLmvjOtbaIk30rQCh7qr2N6b3QwrRNfZv1evneHTI/s320/6_101.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 91px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">(Q.S. AL-AN'AM: 101)<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJy-43DWD9o_seEsjSFR5gl1VYeIt8B24gjlwbePwsR73xan7GdL9rPCpU6Rmav0Bjea6cbvAQARkVTxdH8nun1wH47mpPNZmo0iCh-2fdDK068rKLP8w-giBwRonobHczuvgDiY0GWhw/s1600-h/51_47.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5275569540151071186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJy-43DWD9o_seEsjSFR5gl1VYeIt8B24gjlwbePwsR73xan7GdL9rPCpU6Rmav0Bjea6cbvAQARkVTxdH8nun1wH47mpPNZmo0iCh-2fdDK068rKLP8w-giBwRonobHczuvgDiY0GWhw/s320/51_47.gif" style="display: block; height: 40px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">(Q.S. ADH-DHARIYAT: 47)<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">These paragraphs told us about <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a al-qur\="" an="" href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2008/12/creation-of-universe-theory-and-its.html" rel="bookmark" relation="" s="" title="Permanent Link to THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE THEORY AND IT\" with="">The Creation of Universe</a></span> <span style="font-size: small;">that was "One" in the past. Then, it was sep<span style="font-size: small;">arated into Earth and Heavens. Big Bang Theory has some similarity with Surah Al-Anbiya</span> paragraph 30. Beside that, Surah Adh-Dhariyat also told us about the fact that this universe are expanding which recently known.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The other fact is Earth's atmosphere which functionate as <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/05/earth-protectors.html">Protector of Earth</a> from danger which come from space radiance and the others dangerous thing. This atmosphere only allow a little radiance to enter Earth. This is because this little radiance are required by plants to survived.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Beside that, Surah Fussilat "paragraph" 12 told us about the creation of universe which also told about atmosphere layer indirectly.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.quran.com/images/ayat/41_12.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="71" src="http://www.quran.com/images/ayat/41_12.png" width="420" /></a><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> (Q.S. FUSSILAT: 12)<br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Indirectly, this Surah told us that atmosphere consist of seven layers which have their own duty. Now, modern technologies show that Earth atmosphere consisted of seven layer with different function.<br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Surah Ar-Rum told us about <span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/06/lowest-place-in-world-dead-sea.html">The Lowest Place In The World which</a> was known as The Basin of Dead Sea now</span>. Actually, this Surah Told us about the lost of Byzantium against Persian. But, indirectly this surah told us about the lowest place in the world.<br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><br />
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/a/ae/Ar-Rum.png/220px-Ar-Rum.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/a/ae/Ar-Rum.png/220px-Ar-Rum.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 250px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 220px;" /></a><br />
In Surah Ar-Rum, it is told that The Byzantine Empire has defeated in the "NEARBY" place by Persians... . From a research, we'll know that this "NEARBY" word means the lowest place in the world which refers to Dead Sea's Basin (which around 190 meters under the sea surface level). This surprising fact have already told in Al-Qur'an that descent 14 centuries ago when humans can't found this fact without modern technologies and calculations.<br />
<br />
There're still many facts, not only scientific facts, but also the facts of "things" in this universe that had written in Al-Qur'an as a some of the evidence of Al-Qur'an's truth. Subhanallah...Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-36599591066474099422009-09-12T15:00:00.002+08:002009-09-12T15:03:12.807+08:00THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF EVOLUTION THEORY WITH AL-QUR'AN AND MODERN SCIENTIFIC FACTS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://prayingtodarwin.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/070208_darwin_vmed_10a_widec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://prayingtodarwin.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/070208_darwin_vmed_10a_widec.jpg" width="145" /></a></div>Evolution Theory is a theory that said the existation of creatures start from past creatures that adapt with it's environment through "coincidence". This theory said modern creatures that live now come from the adaptation steps of past creature which usually called "Evolution".<br />
<br />
Evolution theory comes from Charles Darwin, a British naturalist. He formulated his evolution theory and natural selection through his five years voyage experiences on a ship named Beagle which landed on Galapagos Archipelago at it's journey route.<br />
<span class="fullpost"><br />
When the HMS Beagle reach the Galapagos Archipelago, near Equador, Darwin surprised to see many Galapagos's endemic animals. Two of them are one of the largest tortoise, Galapagos Tortoise and Sea Iguana. Beside that, he found around 14 kind of Finch Bird specieses which have different form of beak based on their food. Based on his experience on Beagle, especially at Galapagos, Darwin formulate his evolution theory.<br />
<br />
This evolution theory proposed by Darwin in his book: The Origin of Species. At the first time, Darwin doubt to release his book. But, Alfred Russel Wallace urgent him to release his book. Then, Darwin release his book that really controversial at that time until now.<br />
<br />
Darwin's Evolution Theory said that creatures in this world adapt slowly in a long time in a process called evolution. But, this theory is contradict with many religion and modern scientific facts. For example, if this theory right, there must be some creatures that have imperfect body structure which show structure transition between past creature and modern creature. Of course this kind of creatures will extinct rapidly since their emergence if they're really exist. Beside that, lot of fossils records show that many creature that exist now don't evolute, for example ant and dragonfly. After that, many modern creatures which usually called "<a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/07/living-fossils.html">Living Fossils</a>" are also against this theory due their body structure which show similarity with their ancestor more than million years ago. Last, but not least, Al-Qur'an has told us that all of creatures that spread all over the world had been exist in their perfect form each other. Subhanallah...</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com64tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-45583920454204005722009-09-05T17:39:00.007+08:002009-09-07T21:46:38.828+08:00MIRACLE OF HUMAN'S BRAIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.incrediblehorizons.com/images/brain.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.incrediblehorizons.com/images/brain.gif" width="200" /></a></div>Brain is the largest organ in our body. This organ is the center of our body's activities controller. This organ located in our head, protected by our skull. This organ are divided into two parts. Big brain and small brain. The brain's parts have a lot of neuron cells that connected each other in it. That's why injuries at brain are almost unable to recovered.<br />
<span class="fullpost"><br />
Big brain is one of our brain parts. Usually, this part only called "Brain" by some people. This part called Big Brain because it's size that bigger than Small brain. This big brain are divided into two parts. Left brain, which control the right part of humans body, and right brain, which control the left part of body. Beside this differentiation, our big brain also divided into front brain, center brain and back brain.<br />
<br />
Front brain are divided again into four lobes, frontal, pariental, okspital, and temporal. Between frontal and pariental lobes, there's sulkus sentralis (Rolando Gap).There're two layers at the front brain. The outer part contains a lot of neuron cells. This part has a folded shape which make it's surface become wider. The inner part contains fiber neuron cells like dendrite and neurite. Center brain is located at the inner part of big brain, near small brain and varol bridge (varolli spons). Back brain are constructed by varolli spons , oblongata medulla, and small brain that's form brain stem.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUVF7OKLrTtTI9_J2sPxHISgdgpL5lAjclFmoY3cUXqYDEEc-Xp3jh8l876l6RA1ZYvlI3PgWBGppUBn3emMjFm02LmROncuXSv3cGcfoaazVpWhXqY8ReyfIRx0ljoFay5lyEc4xZO8/s1600-h/sujud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUVF7OKLrTtTI9_J2sPxHISgdgpL5lAjclFmoY3cUXqYDEEc-Xp3jh8l876l6RA1ZYvlI3PgWBGppUBn3emMjFm02LmROncuXSv3cGcfoaazVpWhXqY8ReyfIRx0ljoFay5lyEc4xZO8/s200/sujud.jpg" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQdVYd_WuNZg34v43N9B03oSi6CWcMQ2yxsJSYsUIBNlg-qTlcXw5VWXvZp9GPxpPqQm8xLJuWQGISEhgrNLxSb6bPJe6Rw28V7ZAbD_MAr3ra9ZlbjoiWsUnU2ndOy3cGEzHSbs79pAk/s1600-h/brain.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQdVYd_WuNZg34v43N9B03oSi6CWcMQ2yxsJSYsUIBNlg-qTlcXw5VWXvZp9GPxpPqQm8xLJuWQGISEhgrNLxSb6bPJe6Rw28V7ZAbD_MAr3ra9ZlbjoiWsUnU2ndOy3cGEzHSbs79pAk/s200/brain.gif" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Our brain is one of the evidence of creation by Allah. This has been proved by our brain complexity. This complexity has show us that a statement that said this complexity are created by coincidence is impossible and incorrect. Beside that, as the another evidence, you can see at the brain's shape that look like someone in "sujud" position. SUBHANALLAH!</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-77710538808614536602009-08-29T10:30:00.008+08:002009-08-30T14:13:23.256+08:00CANNIBALISMS IN ANIMALS WORLD<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.jameswilsonphotography.com/White-tippedReefShark.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 283px; height: 192px;" src="http://www.jameswilsonphotography.com/White-tippedReefShark.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>Cannibalism is a kind of eat and eaten process which sometimes happens. Cannibalism is almost same with usual "eat and eaten process" between predator and it's prey. But, the different is only at the prey. The predator and it's prey in the usual "eat and eaten process" are always different species. But, in cannibalism, the predator and it's prey are same in species.<br /><span class="fullpost"><br />Cannibalisms are quite rare happens on animals. But, there're some cannibalisms that really horrible. For example cannibalism on owl families. If food supplies can't fulfill the owlets necessity. The parents will eat some of the owlet. So, the food supplies can fulfill the left owlet.<br /><br />The other example is cannibalisms on "scarabidae" or usually called dung beetle. Dung beetle usually eat a kind of "dung" as it's food, especially when it reproduced. Dung usually given by dung beetle parents to their children. But, if the dung supplies can't fulfill the necessity, the parents of beetles will kill and eat some of their children. So, the dung may fulfill the necessity.<br /><br />From the example above, most cannibalisms are happens due to fulfill the necessity of food in some animal families. But, not all of the cannibalisms are happens due to this reason. Some of the canibalisms even happens only for survival. For example the most horrible cannibalisms that happens on sharks, especially white shark.<br /><br />White Sharks were known as the most dangerous animal. This is maybe because this shark species is really a very wild shark. Beside that, this shark species is a cannibal. Even, this cannibalism mostly happens when this shark species still an embryo in it's parent's "womb". This shark embryo even preys it's sibling. This fact was known from a research at the shark's embryo.<br /><br />There're still many kind of cannibalisms in the animal world. Some of them even horrible, but unique too.</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com26tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-62764559586108142852009-08-22T14:28:00.009+08:002009-08-30T14:29:13.835+08:00MAMMALS CONQUER THE WORLD<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/files/prevsite/Therapsid%20Morph%20test.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 198px; height: 305px;" src="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/files/prevsite/Therapsid%20Morph%20test.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>65 million years ago, Dinosaurs and the other giant Reptiles are extinct. No one know why it happens. But, many hypotheses were appeared. But, still no one know the main cause of these reptiles extinction.<br /><br />Since more than 100 million years before this extinction, the first mammals were born. These mammals were estimated only as big as modern mouse. Almost all of these mammals are nocturnal mammals due the reptiles especially dinosaurs which dominate the world at that time. But, around 65 million years ago, these giant reptiles and dinosaurs suddenly dissappeared from this world. Due to this mass dissappears, Earth become empty from giant reptiles and only mammals and a little of reptiles left.<br /><span class="fullpost"><br />The mass extinctions of dinosaurs and the other reptiles have allow the survived mammals to develop and grow into various mammals. Even, some of this species developed into winged mammals like bats and some other return to the sea like whale. This fact was known from the anatomy structure of human's hands, whale's fins, and bat's wings which show the homology of mammals anatomy.<br /><br />Before mammals conquer the world, appeared a kind of giant carnivorous unfyable birds which called Ratit. These birds even have big sharp beak and claws that help these birds to kill it's preys. Even, this giant birds eat "Hyracotherium", the ancestor of Horse. But, the glory of these birds were not long lasting. Not long after they appears, they suddenly extinct.<br /><br />The glory age of mammals reached at Eocene Era. At this era, mammals reach their most variation of their species. Even at this time, mammals were spread everywhere from continents to the depth of ocean. But, as same as ratit, this glory was not long everlasting. the world climates change, temperature become very low and cause "Ice Age" over the world. This ice age had cause the extinction of some mammals and the survived ones were suffers. But, this climates changes gave advantages to some big mammals like Mammoth and Megaloceros (the largest deer ever known).<br /><br />But, not long after that, the climates were change once again. the temperature increase and back to normal. But, these two climates changes had suffer not only mammals but almost all of organisms. That's why many mammals become suffer and extinct.</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com58tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9013996551095648223.post-38203142537262911272009-08-15T07:13:00.019+08:002009-08-15T16:54:31.056+08:00THE BORN OF EUCARIOTIC CELLS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTNJAKyqNDw_HpCwDjM7JsSWBMEb2pceo1J6_cMG_c2MtbTh7vPKBuDOkWipus0YGcGVDr6oEmLJY0zyJG8M4FZFqx7EwSVtps3V2cd2uJL78tr7m1dOxKhqF8BEl_NCXwVVwSkEa9vtc/s1600-h/reticulum1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 292px; height: 207px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTNJAKyqNDw_HpCwDjM7JsSWBMEb2pceo1J6_cMG_c2MtbTh7vPKBuDOkWipus0YGcGVDr6oEmLJY0zyJG8M4FZFqx7EwSVtps3V2cd2uJL78tr7m1dOxKhqF8BEl_NCXwVVwSkEa9vtc/s320/reticulum1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5370078452401730066" border="0" /></a>Cells are the smallest part of organisms body. These things are the structural and functional unit in organisms. There're several types of cell. For example procariotic and eucariotic cells which divided based on the existation of membrane which cover the cell's nuclear. A cell will be classified as eucariotic cell if it have cell's nuclear membrane. If not, this cell will be classified as procariotic cell.<br /><span class="fullpost"><br />There're still many mysteries about cells. Especially cells mysteries which have relation with the origin of lives. One of them is the hypothesis about the origin of eucariotic cells which estimated come from procariotic cells. This hypothesis appears because the mystery of the lives origin that can't be solved.<br /><br />This hypothesis said that eucariotic cells comes from procariotic cells. This is because there're many organeles and membrane structure that eucariotic cells have show similarities to whole procariotic cells structure. These similarities are estimated as the tranformation traces from procariotic cells into eucariotic cells. One of these traces is the cell's nuclear membrane. This nuclear membrane is said come from the cell's membrane which "fold" into it's inner cell. This folding maybe happens to protects the genetic substance which contained in the nuclear area in procariotic cells. As the evidences, you can see the nuclear membranes which show that these membrane are duplex (double membranes). Beside that, there's Endoplasmic Reticulum which said as the trace of the nuclear membranes formation.<br /><br />Why Endoplasmic Reticulum said as the trace of the nuclear membranes formation? It because this organele connects the cell's nuclear and the environment outside cell. So, that's why this organele estimated as the trace of the formation of nuclear cell.<br /><br />Beside this trace, there're <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">Mitochondria</a> and <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/origin-of-photosynthetic-organism.html">Plastide</a> (Chloroplast) that also estimated as the traces. <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">Mitochondria</a> is an organelle which work as the place for cell's respiration. <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/origin-of-photosynthetic-organism.html">Plastide</a> (Chloroplast) is an organele where photosynthesis take place. Plastide can be found only in photosynthetic cells.<br /><br /><a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">Mitochondria</a> and <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/origin-of-photosynthetic-organism.html">Plastide</a> are estimated as a procariotic organism in the past. It because these organeles show similarities with procariotic organism. For example, the outter membrane of mytochondria which almost same with the nuclear outter membrane that estimated as the folding to the inner part. Even, <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">Mitochondria</a> has it's own DNA which really different with the nuclear's.<br /><br />The formation of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">mitochondria</a> and <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/origin-of-photosynthetic-organism.html">plastide</a> are estimated start from an anaerobic eucariotic cell that "gulp" an aerobic procariotic cell by phagocytosis. After "gulped", this procariotic cell isn't diggested. But, become a kind of endosymbion that simbiote with it host (anaerobic eucariotic cell). This symbiosis gives benefits to these cells and cause they become unseparateable. Then, the aerobic procariotic cell become <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">mitochondria</a> and the anaerobic eucariotic cell become aerobic eucariotic cell.<br /><br />That is the hypothesis of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/03/mitochondria-ancestor.html">mitochondria</a> origin. This hypothesis almost same with the hypothesis of <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/origin-of-photosynthetic-organism.html">plastide</a> origin. The different is only the kind of procariotic cell that was gulped. If the mitochondria origin was estimated as aerobic procariotic cell. The <a href="http://rosmana.blogspot.com/2009/04/origin-of-photosynthetic-organism.html">plastide</a> origin was estimated as photosynthetic procariotic cell. But, is this hypothesis right? No one know about it.</span>Rosmana A.P.http://www.blogger.com/profile/00804838033514112981noreply@blogger.com38